Bacterial skin infections are a frequent reason for visits to primary care in the UK. These infections can range from mild to severe and can affect individuals of all ages. Understanding the most common bacterial skin infections, their symptoms, and treatment options is crucial for effective management. This article provides an overview of the most prevalent bacterial skin infections encountered in UK primary care.
Impetigo
Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection caused primarily by Staphylococcus aureus and, less commonly, Streptococcus pyogenes. It is most commonly seen in young children but can affect people of all ages. Impetigo manifests as red sores or blisters that burst, leaving a honey-coloured crust. These lesions typically appear around the nose and mouth but can spread to other parts of the body through direct contact.
Treatment: Topical antibiotics such as fusidic acid or mupirocin are often effective for localized infections. In more severe cases, oral antibiotics like flucloxacillin or erythromycin may be prescribed. Good hygiene practices, including regular handwashing and avoiding the sharing of personal items, are crucial to prevent the spread of impetigo.
Cellulitis
Cellulitis is a deeper bacterial skin infection that affects the dermis and subcutaneous tissues. It is commonly caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Cellulitis typically presents as a red, swollen, and painful area of skin that feels warm to the touch. It most often occurs on the lower legs but can affect any part of the body. Fever and malaise may accompany the local symptoms, indicating a more severe infection.
Treatment: Oral antibiotics, such as flucloxacillin or amoxicillin-clavulanate, are usually prescribed for mild to moderate cases. Severe cases may require intravenous antibiotics and hospitalization. Elevating the affected limb and using pain relief measures can also help alleviate symptoms.
Folliculitis
Folliculitis is an infection of the hair follicles, commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It presents as small, red or pus-filled bumps around hair follicles, often resembling acne. Folliculitis can occur anywhere on the body where hair grows but is most often found on the face, scalp, chest, back, buttocks, and thighs.
Treatment: Mild cases of folliculitis often resolve on their own with proper hygiene. Topical antibiotics like mupirocin or clindamycin can be used for localized infections. Severe or recurrent cases may require oral antibiotics and identification and elimination of predisposing factors, such as shaving practices or exposure to contaminated water.
Erysipelas
Erysipelas is a superficial bacterial infection that affects the upper layers of the skin. It is most often caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Erysipelas presents as a well-defined, bright red, swollen, and painful area of skin, often with raised borders. The infection usually affects the face and legs and may be accompanied by fever, chills, and general malaise.
Treatment: Oral antibiotics such as penicillin or amoxicillin are typically effective. In cases of penicillin allergy, alternatives like erythromycin or clarithromycin can be used. Rest, elevation of the affected area, and adequate hydration are also important supportive measures.
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome is a severe bacterial skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus producing exfoliative toxins. It primarily affects infants and young children. SSSS begins with fever, irritability, and a widespread redness of the skin. This is followed by the development of large, fluid-filled blisters that rupture easily, leaving raw areas that resemble scalded skin.
Treatment: Hospitalization is often required for intravenous antibiotics and supportive care, including fluid management and wound care. Prompt treatment is crucial to prevent complications and promote healing.
For further insights on skin conditions, including fungal infections, visit this informative article: Understanding Common Fungal Skin Conditions in Primary Care.
References
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2023). Impetigo: antimicrobial prescribing. Retrieved from NICE website.
- Public Health England. (2023). Management of Infection Guidance for Primary Care. Retrieved from GOV.UK website.
